19th-century "French postcard" from the personal collection of the German-Austrian psychiatrist and early sexologist Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing.

Featured on PDR in the essay Sicko Doctors: Suffering and Sadism in 19th-Century America

American fiction of the 19th century often featured a ghoulish figure, the cruel doctor, whose unfeeling fascination with bodily suffering readers found both unnerving and entirely plausible. Looking at novels by Louisa May Alcott, James Fenimore Cooper, and Herman Melville, Chelsea Davis dissects this curious character.